The Japanese government has tightened national security controls to prevent the outflow of key technologies overseas. There is concern they could be used for military purposes as research projects are becoming more international.

New regulations drawn up by the industry ministry for domestic companies and universities took effect on Sunday. They require government approval before important technology or information is passed on to researchers in Japan who are thought to be under the influence of foreign governments or corporations.

The rules target researchers receiving at least a quarter of their annual income from foreign governments or other overseas organizations. It also applies to those who are under the guidance of foreign entities during their stay in Japan.